- •W€‘gDŠwiŠe˜_j -- *I. –¬ŠÇŒn *II. ƒŠƒ“ƒp«ŠíŠ¯,äB‘Ÿ,œ‘ *III.Á‰»ŠíŒn *IV. ŒÄ‹zŠíŒn *V. ”å”AŠíŒn *VI. ¶BŠíŒn *VII.“à•ª”åŒn --303 -* 1. “à•ª”åŒn‚Ì•ª—Þ‚Æ“Á« --303 303 ƒNƒ[ƒh-ƒxƒ‹ƒi[ƒ‹ “à•ª”åŠíŠ¯ ƒpƒ‰ƒNƒŠƒ“•ª”å ƒpƒ‰ƒNƒŠƒjƒA •W“IŠíŠ¯ C. ƒxƒ‹ƒi[ƒ‹ ƒyƒvƒ^ƒCƒh[ƒAƒ~ƒ“•ª”åŒn ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ –T•ª”å ƒˆ[ƒh‰»ƒAƒ~ƒmŽ_(—U“±‘Ì)•ª”åŒn C Bernard endocrine organs hormone paracrine secretion secretion interne target organ 304 ”]‚Ì- ƒAƒ~ƒ“ APUDŒn×–E ƒNƒƒ‚ƒOƒ‰ƒjƒ“ ƒXƒeƒƒCƒh•ª”åŒn «ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ “d‰ðŽ¿ƒRƒ‹ƒ`ƒRƒCƒh ƒh[ƒp “œŽ¿ƒRƒ‹ƒ`ƒRƒCƒh ƒjƒ…[ƒƒtƒBƒWƒ“ ”]’°ƒyƒvƒ^ƒCƒh ƒpƒ‰ƒjƒ…[ƒƒ“ ƒvƒŒƒvƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ƒvƒƒZƒbƒVƒ“ƒO amine precursor uptake and decarbo- xylation (APUD) bioactive amines APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) brain-gut peptides chromogranin DOPA (dihydroxy phenykalanine) glucocorticoids mineTalocorticoids neurophysin paraneuron Pearse A.G.E. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypep- tide) -* 2. ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“‚Ì•W“IŠíŠ¯‚Ö‚Ìì—p --305 -* 3. ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“‚Ì×–E“à‹ÇÝ‚ÌŒ¤‹†–@ --305 305 壌õR‘Ì–@ bó‘B y‘fR‘Ì–@ ƒTƒCƒƒLƒVƒ“(ƒeƒgƒ‰ƒR[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒj ƒ“) ƒTƒCƒƒOƒƒuƒŠƒ“ ã”ç—l×–E ƒgƒŠƒˆ[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒjƒ“ ƒˆ[ƒh‰»ƒAƒ~ƒmŽ_(—U“±‘Ì)•ª”åŒn enzyme antibody method epitheloid cell(s) fluorescent antibody method thyroglobulin thyroxine tri-iodothvronine -*A. ‰º‚‘Ì --306 -*-1. ‰º‚‘̂̈ê”Ê“I\‘¢ --306 306 ‰º‚‘Ì- Œã—t Ž‹°‰º•”[‰º‚‘ÌŒn _Œo«‰º‚‘Ì ³’†—²‹N ‘B«‰º‚‘Ì ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì- ‘O—t ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì- ’†–â•”(—t) •W“IŠíŠ¯ ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì- —²‹N•” ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì- ˜R“l ˜R“lŒs adenohypophysis hypophysis hypothalamo-hypophysial system infundibular stalk infundibulunl median eminence neurohypophysis pars anterior distalis (hypophysis) parsanteriordistalis(hypophysis)intermedia (hypophysis) parsanteriordistalis(hypophysis)posterior (hypophysis) parsanteriordistalis(hypophysis)tuberalis -*-2. ‘B«‰º‚‘Ì --307 307 ‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì- ƒ¿×–E ŠÔ×–EŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ƒÃ×–E ƒGƒ“ƒPƒtƒ@ƒŠƒ“ ƒGƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒtƒBƒ“ ‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì- ‰–ŠîD«×–E ‰©‘̉»ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ‰º‚‘Ì«¬lÇ ‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t ‹lÇ bó‘BŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì- Ž_D«×–E ¬’·ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ “û‘BŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“(ƒvƒƒ‰ƒNƒ`ƒ“) ƒvƒƒ‰ƒNƒ`ƒ“(“û‘BŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“) •›t”玿ŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ —‘–EŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ƒŠƒ|ƒgƒƒrƒ“ ƒ¿-acidophil ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hor- mone) adrenocortophic hormone (ACTH) ƒÃ-acidophil endorphin enkephalin follicleatresiastimulating hormone (FSH) FSH (foilicle-stimulating horrnone) GH (growth hormone) gigantism growth homlone (GH) lactotTophic hormone (LTH) LH (luteinizing hormone) lipotropic hormone (LPH) lipotropin LPH (]ipotropic hormone) LTH (lactotropic hornlone) pituitary dwarfism PRL (prolactin) prolactin somatotropic hormone (STH) STH (somatotropic hormone) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) 308 F‘fŒ™«×–EA‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì- ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hor- mone) adrenocortophic hormone (ACTH) ƒÀ-basophil ƒÂ-basophil GH (growth hormone) LH (luteinizing hormone) somatotropic hormone (STH) STH (somatotropic hormone) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 310 ‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì-‰º‚‘Ì’†–â•”‚Ì- ‰–ŠîD«×–E éÒ‚Ì-‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì- ŽxŽ×–E F‘fŒ™«×–EA‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì-‰º‚‘Ì’†ŠÔ•”‚Ì- _Œo«‰º‚‘Ì ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì- ¯ó×–E ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì- ’†–â•”(—t) ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì- —²‹N•” àh–Eˆê¯ó×–E falliculo stellate cells parsanteriordistalis(hypophysis)intermedia (hypophysis) parsanteriordistalis(hypophysis)tuberalis stellate cells sustentacular cells in hypophysls 311 ƒƒ‰ƒjƒ“×–EŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ‰º‚‘Ì- –å–¬Œn hypophyseal portal system melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hor- mone) 314 B. ƒVƒƒƒ‰[ E. ƒVƒƒƒ‰[ 315 ‰º‚‘Ì–å–¬Œn ¬”]‚Ì- _Œo×–E‘w •úoˆöŽq •úoƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) CRH (corticotropin releasing hor- mone) GH-RH (growth hornlone releasing hormone) releasil]g hormone (GH-RH GRH) releasing factor (RF) releasillg hormone (RH) RF (releasing factor) RH (releasing hormone) thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) TRH (thyrotropin releasing hor- mone) -*-3. _Œo«‰º‚‘Ì --316 316 ƒIƒLƒVƒgƒVƒ“ ‰º‚‘ÌŒã—t Œã—t×–E B. ƒVƒƒƒ‰[ E. ƒVƒƒƒ‰[ Ž‹õãŠj Žº–TŠj _Œo•ª”å ƒ\ƒ}ƒgƒXƒ^ƒ`ƒ“ ƒoƒ\ƒvƒŒƒbƒVƒ“ W Bargrnann FRH) follicleatresiastimulating hormone releasing hormone (FSH-RH FRH (follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone) FSH-RH (follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone) GRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) release inllibiting hormone (GHIH.GIH) LH-RH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone) LRH) luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH neurohypophysis nucleus(nuclei)caudatusparaventricularis nucleus(nuclei)caudatussupraopticus PIH (prolactin release inhibiting hormone) pituicytes PR-IH (prolactin release inhibiting hormone) PIH) prolactin release inhibiting hormone (PR-lH Scharrer Erust and Berta vasopressin 318 ƒjƒ…[ƒƒtƒBƒWƒ“ ƒwƒŠƒ“ƒO¬‘Ì Herring's bodies neurophysin -*-4. ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì”­¶ --320 320 ‰º‚‘Ì ‰º‚‘Ì‚Ì”­¶ Œã—t×–E ƒ‰ƒgƒP”X ˜R“l“Ë‹N pituicytes PRL(prolactin) infundibularis Rathke's pouch -*B. ¼‰Ê‘Ì --321 321 ¼‰Ê‘Ì ”]» ƒƒ‰ƒgƒjƒ“ epiphysis Hirnsand melatonin pineal cells pineal gland 322 ˆÝ’ê‘B‚Ì-¼‰Ê‘Ì‚Ì- Žå×–E 324 Ž‹X³ãŠj ¶•¨ŽžŒv ‘Ì“àŽžŒv ƒƒ‰ƒgƒjƒ“ biological clock nucleus(nuclei)caudatussuprachiasmaticus -*C. bó‘B --325 325 bó‘Bƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ƒTƒCƒƒLƒVƒ“(ƒeƒgƒ‰ƒR[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒj ƒ“) ‘æŽOŠá‹… ƒeƒgƒ‰ƒˆ[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒjƒ“(T ƒTƒCƒ ƒLƒVƒ“) ƒgƒŠƒˆ[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒjƒ“ “ª’¸Šá tetra-iodothyronine thyroid thyroxine tri-iodothvronine -*-1. àh–E‚Æàh–Eã”ç×–E --326 326 ƒNƒŒƒ`ƒ“•a(bó‘B«¬lÇ) bó‘B‚Ì- ƒRƒƒCƒh bó‘B«¬lÇ(ƒNƒŒƒ`ƒ“•a) ”S‰t…Žî bó‘B‚Ì- àh–E(¬–E) colloid 327 ƒTƒCƒƒLƒVƒ“(ƒeƒgƒ‰ƒR[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒj ƒ“) ƒTƒCƒƒjƒ“ ƒeƒgƒ‰ƒˆ[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒjƒ“(T ƒTƒCƒ ƒLƒVƒ“) ƒgƒŠƒˆ[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒjƒ“ tetra-iodothyronine thyronine thyroxine tri-iodothvronine 328 ƒTƒCƒƒOƒƒuƒŠƒ“ àh–Eã”ç×–E follicleatresiaepithelial cells thyroglobulin 329 ƒTƒCƒƒLƒVƒ“(ƒeƒgƒ‰ƒR[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒj ƒ“) ƒgƒŠƒˆ[ƒhƒTƒCƒƒjƒ“ colloid droplet thyroxine tri-iodothvronine TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) -*-2. àh–E–T×–E --331 331 bó‘BŽhŒƒƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ àh–E–T×–E parafollicular cells TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) 333 ƒJƒ‹ƒVƒgƒjƒ“ ŒïŒã‘Ì calcitonin ultimobranchial body -*-3. bó‘B‚Ì”­¶ --334 334 “à’Œ endostyle -*-4. bó‘B‚Ì–¬ŠÇ‚Æ_Œo --335 -*D. ã”笑Ì(•›bó‘B) --335 335 bó‘B‚Ì_Œo bó‘B‚Ì”­¶ bó‘B‚Ì–¬ŠÇ ‰º‚‘Ì‘O—t‚Ì-ã”笑̂Ì- Ž_D«×–E ˆÝ’ê‘B‚Ì-ã”笑̂Ì- Žå×–E ã”笑Ì(•›bó‘B) ƒpƒ‰ƒgƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ chief cells Epithelkorperchen oxyphil cells parathyroid 336 Œz“®–¬¬‘Ì 337 ã”笑̃zƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ƒpƒ‰ƒgƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ parathormone (PTH) PTH (parathormone) -*E. ƒ‰ƒ“ƒQƒ‹ƒnƒ“ƒX“‡(äX“‡) --338 338 äX“‡ P ƒ‰ƒ“ƒQƒ‹ƒnƒ“ƒX ƒ‰ƒ“ƒQƒ‹ƒnƒ“ƒX“‡(¨äX“‡) islets of Langerhans P. Langerhans pancreatic islets -*-1. A×–E --339 339 A×–E äX“‡‚Ì- ƒOƒ‹ƒJƒSƒ“ F.G ƒnƒ“ƒ`ƒ“ƒO äX“‡‚Ì- B×–E C.H. ƒyƒXƒg ofadrenalmedullaof pancreatic islet Acell F.G. Banting Charles H Best glucagon pancreatic polypeptide (PP) -*-2. B×–E --343 343 ƒCƒ“ƒVƒ…ƒŠƒ“ ƒXƒgƒŒƒvƒgƒ]ƒhƒVƒ“ “œ”A•a ƒvƒŒƒvƒƒCƒ“ƒVƒ…ƒŠƒ“ ƒv ƒCƒ“ƒVƒ…ƒŠƒ“ lymphocyteof pallcreatic islet Bcell diabetes mellitus insulin pre-proinsulin proinsulln streptozotocin -*-3. C×–E‚ÆD×–E --344 -*-4. PP×–E --344 344 äXƒ|ƒŠƒyƒvƒ^ƒCƒh ƒ\ƒ}ƒgƒXƒ^ƒ`ƒ“ äX“‡‚Ì- D×–E PP äX“‡‚Ì PP×–E C cell (pancTeatic islet) inthegutof pancreatic islet Dcell PP (pancreatic polypeptide) PP cell (in pancreatic islet) somatostatin -*-5. äX“‡‚ÌŒŒŠÇ --345 -*-6. äX“‡‚Ì_Œo --345 345 äX“‡‚ÌŒŒŠÇ äX“‡‚Ì_Œo äX“‡‘B–[–å–¬Œn ‰º‚‘Ì-äX“‡‘B–[- –å–¬Œn insulo-acillar portal system -*F. Á‰»ŠÇ‚Ì“à•ª”å --346 -*-1. Á‰»ŠÇƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ --346 346 ƒGƒ“ƒeƒƒKƒXƒgƒƒ“ ƒGƒ“ƒfƒƒOƒ‹ƒJƒSƒ“ ƒKƒXƒgƒŠƒ“ ƒOƒŠƒZƒ“ƒ`ƒ“ ƒRƒŒƒVƒXƒgƒLƒjƒ“(¨ƒpƒ“ƒNƒŒƒIƒUƒCƒ~ƒ“) ƒRƒŒƒVƒXƒgƒLƒjƒ“Eƒpƒ“ƒNƒŒƒIƒUƒCƒ~ƒ“ Á‰»ŠÇƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ _ŒoäX“‡•¡‡‘Ì ƒZƒNƒŒƒ`ƒ“ ƒ\ƒ}ƒgƒXƒ^ƒ`ƒ“ ƒpƒ“ƒNƒŒƒIƒUƒCƒ~ƒ“ ƒ‚ƒ`ƒŠƒ“ CCK-PZ (cholecysrokinin-pancreo- zymin) cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) enterogastrone enteroglucagon gastrin moti in neuro-insular complex secretin somatostatin vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypep- tide) -*-2. Á‰»ŠÇ‚Ì“à•ª”å×–E --347 347 Šî’ê‰Ê—±×–E ƒNƒ‹ƒ`ƒbƒL[×–E ƒNƒƒ€e˜a×–E ’°- Á‰»ŠÇ“à•ª”å×–E ƒZƒƒgƒjƒ“ ‘gDƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ ’°ƒNƒƒ€e˜a×–E(EC×–E) basal-granulated cells EC (enterochromaffin) cells enterochromaffin cells Gewebshormon glycentin Kultschitzky cell serotonin tissue hormone 349 ’°‚Ì- I×–E EC×–E A×–EäX“‡‚Ì-’°‚Ì- ’°‚Ì- L×–E M×–E Á‰»ŠÇ“à•ª”å×–E‚Ì- ’°‚Ì- S×–E ƒKƒXƒgƒŠƒ“ “à•ª”å×–E‚Ì- ŠJ•úŒ^ ‹ÇŠƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ G×–E Á‰»ŠÇ“à•ª”å×–E Á‰»ŠÇ“à•ª”å×–E ‚Ì”­¶ ƒZƒNƒŒƒ`ƒ“ ƒZƒƒgƒjƒ“ ƒ\ƒ}ƒgƒXƒ^ƒ`ƒ“ äX“‡‚Ì-’°‚Ì- D×–E •Â½Œ^‚ÌÁ‰»ŠÇ“à•ª”å×–E ofadrenalmedullaof the intestine Acell closed type of endocrine cell in the gut D cell EC (enterochromaffin) cells G cells gastrin cell I cell (gut) L cell (gut) in the gut M cells open type of endocrine cell S cell (gut) serotonin 350 Pearse A.G.E. -*- •t.ˆÝ’°äX(GEP)“à•ª”åŒn --351 351 ˆÝ’°äX(GEP)“à•ª”åŒn GEP(ˆÝ’°äX)“à•ª”åŒn gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system GEP endocrine system -*G. •›t --352 352 ƒKƒXƒgƒŠƒ“ ŽY¶Žîᇠ•›t adrenal gland gastrinoma Nebenniere 353 ƒNƒ[ƒh-ƒxƒ‹ƒi[ƒ‹ Pí« •›t”玿 C. ƒxƒ‹ƒi[ƒ‹ C Bernard homeostasis -*-1. ”玿 --354 354 •›t”玿‚Ì- ‹…ó‘Ñ ƒNƒƒ€e˜a‘gD ãˆß‰º×–E ‘©ó‘Ñ ‹¹‘B‚Ì-•›t- ”玿 •Ž¿‚Ì-•›t”玿‚Ì- –Ôó‘Ñ chromaffincellstissue zonabasalisfasciculata zonabasalisglonlerulosa 355 ŠC–Èó×–E spongiocyies 356 ƒAƒ‹ƒhƒXƒeƒ ƒRƒ‹ƒ`ƒ][ƒ‹ ŠÔ×–E‚Ì-•›t”玿‚Ì- ƒRƒŒƒXƒeƒ[ƒ‹ ƒvƒŒƒOƒlƒmƒƒ“ •›t”玿ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ •›t”玿ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“‡¬‹@“] aldosterone cholesterol in adrenal cortex cortisol pregnenolone 357 ‹T“ª 358 ƒAƒ‹ƒhƒXƒeƒ ŠC–ȑ̬’Œ(“´) ƒRƒ‹ƒ`ƒ][ƒ‹ ƒRƒ‹ƒ`ƒ]ƒ“ ’j«ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ “d‰ðŽ¿ƒRƒ‹ƒ`ƒRƒCƒh “œŽ¿ƒRƒ‹ƒ`ƒRƒCƒh •›t”玿 •›t”玿ƒzƒ‹ƒ‚ƒ“ aldosterone corticoids corticosteroids corticosterone cortisone 359 ƒAƒWƒ\ƒ“Ž•a ƒAƒ“ƒMƒIƒeƒ“ƒVƒmƒQƒ“ ƒAƒ“ƒMƒIƒeƒ“ƒVƒ“ ƒAƒ“ƒMƒIƒeƒ“ƒVƒ“‡T ƒAƒ“ƒMƒIƒeƒ“ƒVƒ“‡U ‹T“ª ƒNƒbƒVƒ“ƒOÇŒóŒQ ƒXƒgƒŒƒXŠwà(ƒZƒŠƒG) Addison's disease angiotensin ‡T angiotensin ‡U angiotensinogen Cushing syndrome renin stress theory (Selye) -*-2. ‘Ž¿ --360 360 ƒAƒhƒŒƒiƒŠƒ“ ƒAƒhƒŒƒiƒŠƒ“ŽY¶×–E A×–EäX“‡‚Ì-•›t‘Ž¿‚Ì- N×–E•›t‘Ž¿‚Ì- ƒNƒƒ€e˜a×–E ‹¹‘B‚Ì-•›t‚Ì- ‘Ž¿ ‚•ô÷‹g ƒh[ƒp ƒmƒ‹ƒAƒhƒŒƒiƒŠƒ“ ŽY¶×–E ƒmƒ‹ƒAƒhƒŒƒiƒŠƒ“ •›t‘Ž¿ of adrenal medulla A cell adrenaline chromaffin cells DOPA (dihydroxy phenykalanine) dopamine N cell of the adrenal medulla noradrenalin(e) J Takamlne 361 ƒGƒ“ƒPƒtƒ@ƒŠƒ“ ƒNƒƒ‚ƒOƒ‰ƒjƒ“ ƒvƒŒƒvƒƒGƒ“ƒPƒtƒ@ƒŠƒ“A chromogranin enkephalin preproenkephalin -*-3. •›t‚ÌŒŒŠÇ‚Æ_Œo --362 362 A×–EäX“‡‚Ì-•›t‘Ž¿‚Ì- ¬‰Ê—±«ƒNƒƒ€e˜a×–E •›t‚ÌŒŒŠÇ •›t‚Ì_Œo SGC (small granule chromaffin) cell small granule chromafin cells (SGC cells) -*H. ƒpƒ‰ƒKƒ“ƒOƒŠƒIƒ“ --363 363 ƒAƒhƒŒƒiƒŠƒ“ ƒNƒƒ€e˜a×–E ƒNƒƒ€e˜a”½‰ž ƒZƒƒgƒjƒ“ ŠÌ‘Ÿ‚Ì-•›t‚Ì- ’†SÖ¬ ƒmƒ‹ƒAƒhƒŒƒiƒŠƒ“ ƒpƒ‰ƒKƒ“ƒOƒŠƒIƒ“ ƒ‚ƒmƒAƒ~ƒ“ chromaffin cells chromaffincells reaction Falck-Hillarp method paraganglion -*-1. ƒNƒƒ€e˜a«ƒpƒ‰ƒKƒ“ƒOƒŠƒIƒ“ --364 -*-2. ”ñƒNƒƒ€e˜a«ƒpƒ‰ƒKƒ“ƒOƒŠƒIƒ“ --364 364 éÒ‚Ì-Œz“®–¬¬‘Ì‚Ì- ŽxŽ×–E ˆÝ’ê‘B‚Ì-Œz“®–¬¬‘Ì‚Ì- Žå×–E ƒcƒbƒPƒ‹ƒJƒ“ƒhƒ‹ŠíŠ¯ ƒvƒŒƒvƒƒGƒ“ƒPƒtƒ@ƒŠƒ“A ƒ‚ƒmƒAƒ~ƒ“‚Ì壌õ‘gD‰»Šw carotid body glomus caroticunl Zuckerkandl's organ 365 “®Ã–¬•«‡ ”öœ¬‘Ì arteriovenous anastomosis glomuscaroticunlcoccygeum