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2001年５月１日 大学院生のための講義 その後： Possible Trade Sanctions for
Japan： a ``Super 301'' report
今朝の７時のNHKニュースで、日本のネギ、生椎茸の緊急輸入制限措置が、アメリカ通商部からスーパー301条に照らして問題あり``significant
concern''と指摘されたことが報じられました。
こういうとき、ほんとに何が起こっているのか、みなさんはどうやって調べますか。私の第１参考文献は、ニューヨークタイムズ（ＮＹＴ）です。インターネットで登録すると無料で購読できます。日本の新聞各紙に比べて、記事の内容が深く詳しいのです。アメリカでの（ここを間違わないように！）、時事の捉えられ方を実感するには、ＮＹＴが良いと思います。（ただし、以下の引用はＡＰ提供のもの）
簡単な検索で、以下のような記事を容易に見つけられます。少し長いですがそのまま引用します。日本のネギ、生椎茸の緊急輸入制限措置に関する直接のコメントは含まれていません。ただし、The
types of trade covered ranged from barriers
to U.S. automotive trade, which the administration
said had been erected by Japan and South
Korea, to alleged agricultural barriers erected
by Canada, Australia and Japan. というような部分に包括的に記述されているのでしょう。
``Together, these reports underscore the
administration's strong commitment to ensuring
that Americans reap the benefits of the trade
agreements that we negotiate,'' U.S. Trade
Representative Robert Zoellick said in releasing
the new target lists. そうです。これが、スーパー301条の精神です。とてもわかりやすい記載ですね。 ``Enforcement
must remain a key priority and we must step
up our efforts to monitor compliance,'' Zoellick
said. ``This administration will not hesitate
to use the full power of U.S. and international
law to do so.'' の部分、みなさんはどんな風に受け止められましたでしょうか。アメリカ国民と日本国民とそれぞれの立場と気持ちになってこの文章を２回読んでみてはいかが。実に頼もしく、また実にこわいコメントの雰囲気伝わりますか。でも、皮相な読み方だけでは十分ではありません。個々のケースについてバランス良く、歴史の眼で深く考えないといけない。
大学院授業でやったように、アメリカの施策は1985年のヤングレポートの忠実な実行なのですが、この15年間、実にパワフルですね。それにしても、日本、``Super 301'' のターゲットとして、この十数年、変わることなく主役の座を維持してきているのも感慨深いものがあります。被害者としての見方ばかりでは片手落ちです。建設的に考えてゆきましょう。
＜以下引用＞
Filed at 6:19 p.m. ET
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The Bush administration
on Monday put Japan, Brazil, South Korea
and other countries on notice that they could
face American trade sanctions unless they
remove objectionable trade barriers to U.S.
products.
The notification is part of an annual review
in which the administration releases its
priority negotiating targets for the year
based on an assessment of harm being done
to U.S. exporters.
The administration listed 11 countries and
the 14-nation European Union in what is known
as a ``Super 301'' report, referring to a
section of U.S. trade law. It allows the
United States to seek trade sanctions against
individual countries if intensive negotiations
fail to remove the offending trade barriers.
Other countries were targeted for review
under sections of law requiring the administration
to protect U.S. copyrights and patents and
to make sure American firms are treated fairly
by foreign governments when they bid for
foreign contracts.
``Together, these reports underscore the
administration's strong commitment to ensuring
that Americans reap the benefits of the trade
agreements that we negotiate,'' U.S. Trade
Representative Robert Zoellick said in releasing
the new target lists.
``Enforcement must remain a key priority
and we must step up our efforts to monitor
compliance,'' Zoellick said. ``This administration
will not hesitate to use the full power of
U.S. and international law to do so.''
U.S. industry groups praised the decision,
contending that American companies are losing
billions of dollars annually from the trade
barriers and lack of copyright protection.
``The U.S. copyright industries are one of
the most productive and fastest growing sectors
of the U.S. economy. Reducing copyright piracy
in overseas markets is vital to this sector's
growth,'' said Eric H. Smith, president of
the Intellectual Property Alliance.
The countries cited on the Super 301 list
were Brazil, Mexico, India, Japan, South
Korea, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, the Philippines,
Israel and Malaysia.
Publication of the new report does not automatically
mean that unfair trade cases will be brought
against the countries in the World Trade
Organization, a step that could ultimately
lead to sanctions if the United States prevailed.
But the report does put America's trading
partners on notice concerning what U.S. negotiating
priorities will be in the coming year.
``These are the practices and measures that
we are focusing on as a matter of priority,''
said a U.S. trade official, who spoke to
reporters on condition of anonymity. ``This
does not trigger anything automatically.''
The types of trade covered ranged from barriers
to U.S. automotive trade, which the administration
said had been erected by Japan and South
Korea, to alleged agricultural barriers erected
by Canada, Australia and Japan.
William Duncan, U.S. general director of
the Japan Auto Manufacturers Association,
said that there was no basis for contending
that Japan's auto market is closed. He said
there has been ``a sea change of difference''
since 1995 when the Clinton administration
pushed Japan to accept an agreement aimed
to open Japan's market to U.S. autos and
auto parts.
The European Union was cited for a lack of
transparency in its rule-making procedures
and for subsidies that EU countries provide
to Airbus, the major competitor to America's
Boeing in airplane manufacturing.
Countries in Central America and South America
were cited in the Super 301 report for what
the administration termed ``burdensome dealer
protection laws,'' covering restrictions
that prevent U.S. automakers and other manufacturers
from distributing their products in those
regions.
In the report covering copyright and patent
protections, the administration listed 15
countries and the EU on a ``priority watch
list,'' for closer review of their procedures
governing intellectual property rights. The
15 countries were Argentina, Costa Rica,
Dominican Republic, Egypt, Hungary, India,
Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, Lebanon,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Russia, Taiwan
and Uruguay.
The report on government bidding procedures
said practices of ``significant concern''
in this year's report were occurring in the
EU, Japan, Taiwan, Canada and Germany.
^------
On the Net:
U.S. trade representative: http://www.ustr.gov/
＜以上、引用終わり＞
濱田洋文
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊
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